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Showing posts with label Child Malnutrition. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Child Malnutrition. Show all posts
Monday, November 15, 2010
Kids’ health goes for peanuts in MP
Kids’ health goes for peanuts in MP
BHOPAL, 1 NOV: “Anda is not our funda”, declared Madhya Pradesh chief minister Mr Shivraj Singh Chauhan recently, citing the cultural history of vegetarianism in these parts to explain why eggs will not be provided in anganwadis as a part of the Atal Bal Arogya Mission set to be launched later this month. The devastating realities of severely malnourished children in Dalit and tribal communities across the state, and the fact that these communities have a long history of “non-vegetarian” food in their diets, appear to be of no consequence.
The Statesman visited anganwadis in the interiors of the state where children will be denied the nutrition provided by eggs and the response from those working in the field was unanimous ~ in dabbling in the politics of symbolism, the chief minister has betrayed a feudal, upper-caste mindset and bowed to the wishes of leaders of a particular community that values vegetarianism as a core belief at the cost of the health of Dalit and tribal children.
The data would seem to lend credence to this criticism. As many as one million children under the age of five have died due to malnutrition in the state over the past 10 years. MP tops the nation in both infant mortality rates and the prevalence of malnutrition. Today, 60 per cent or 6.6 million children under the age of six suffer from malnutrition in the state, of whom 1.26 million are classified as “severely malnourished”. Dalit and tribal children are disproportionately affected. A whopping 72 per cent of all tribal children in Madhya Pradesh suffer from malnutrition.
The irony is that after a decade spent in denial over child deaths from malnutrition, the state government finally responded with its own state-level effort to address the issue in the form of the Atal Bal Arogya Mission. But the controversy over the non-inclusion of eggs has shifted the focus away from this well-intentioned effort to combat malnutrition among children from deprived backgrounds. The issue came to a head after the editor of a local Hindi daily published an article on the provision of eggs in the draft plan of the Atal Bal Arogya Mission. The article quoted a powerful Jain monk, Tarun Sagar, who said that the government providing eggs in anganwadis was akin to the end of the world ~ anarth ho jayega.”
The impact of the article was immediate. A decision to exclude eggs from the diet meant for malnourished kids was taken by a five-member state Cabinet subcommittee on the same day. Both the women and child development minister Mrs Ranjana Baghel and the Tribal welfare minister Mr Vijay Shah, who strongly advocated the inclusion of eggs as necessary to combat malnutrition, were overruled. Strong opposition to the proposal to provide children eggs in their diet came from education minister Mrs Archana Chitnis, panchayat and social welfare minister Mr Gopal Bhargava and water resources and environment minister Mr Jayant Malaiya and they carried the day with the chief minister’s support. Mrs Chitnis is RSS schooled, Mr Bhargava is known to be a staunch Brahmin and Mr Malaiya is a Jain. Hailing the decision and Mr Chauhan’s support for it as a “victory”, prominent members of the Jain community have been publicly congratulating the chief minister. Indeed, in the weeks following the decision, top politicians, administrators, and police officers have been seen paying obeisance to the Jain monk at public functions in Bhopal.
Eggs as a part of breakfast for severely malnourished children have been replaced by a mixture of jaggery, horse gram, and peanuts in the state’s “modified” draft. Mr Sachin Jain, state advisor to the Supreme Court-appointed Right-to-Food Commissioners, has spoken out against the imposition of his community’s food preferences on nutrition policy. According to Mr Jain, the government’s proposed alternative to eggs is difficult for malnourished children to digest because of their weak digestive systems. “Boiled eggs are soft, easily digestible, and a richer source of essential nutrients for children,” he told The Statesman.
The trickle-down effect, as it were, of the chief minister’s decision has left administrators stunned. In the district of Indore, for example, since March this year, women and child department officials led by the Collector Mr Raghavendra Singh have been motivating panchayats to provide milk and eggs in anganwadis for severely malnourished children. The results have been significant. Over a five-month period, of the 4,132 children suffering from severe and acute malnutrition (SAM), 3,077 have experienced weight gain, 1,452 improved to the moderate and mild malnutrition (MAM) category, and 310 recovered completely. Mr Singh said the Indore district programme was a decentralised one based on the demand from the ground. If
turn to page 4
Kids’ health goes for peanuts in MP:
(Continued from page 1)
a written order from Bhopal materialises, however, officials say they will be left with no option but to discontinue providing eggs in anganwadis.
This reporter found children in the anganwadis of Choral, Simrol, and Gwalu panchayats of Indore readily consuming eggs and milk ~ and there is widespread acceptance amongst Hindu, Muslim, and tribal communities of the benefits of eggs in combating malnutrition amongst their children. “We never ate eggs at home but considering how weak my daughter was we agreed to let her eat eggs at the anganwadi and her health really improved,” said Choral resident Mrs Lalita Yadav whose two-year-old daughter was severely malnourished but gained two-and-a-half kilograms over the past four months.
According to Dr Veena Shatrugna, former deputy director, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, the amino acids that make up proteins in milk and eggs most closely mirror those in humans and obtaining an equal amount of protein through pulses and cereals in one meal would mean having to provide many different sources. “I cannot think of a more complete food than eggs for malnourished children,” she said, expressing dismay at the decision of the Madhya Pradesh government.
The Statesman visited anganwadis in the interiors of the state where children will be denied the nutrition provided by eggs and the response from those working in the field was unanimous ~ in dabbling in the politics of symbolism, the chief minister has betrayed a feudal, upper-caste mindset and bowed to the wishes of leaders of a particular community that values vegetarianism as a core belief at the cost of the health of Dalit and tribal children.
The data would seem to lend credence to this criticism. As many as one million children under the age of five have died due to malnutrition in the state over the past 10 years. MP tops the nation in both infant mortality rates and the prevalence of malnutrition. Today, 60 per cent or 6.6 million children under the age of six suffer from malnutrition in the state, of whom 1.26 million are classified as “severely malnourished”. Dalit and tribal children are disproportionately affected. A whopping 72 per cent of all tribal children in Madhya Pradesh suffer from malnutrition.
The irony is that after a decade spent in denial over child deaths from malnutrition, the state government finally responded with its own state-level effort to address the issue in the form of the Atal Bal Arogya Mission. But the controversy over the non-inclusion of eggs has shifted the focus away from this well-intentioned effort to combat malnutrition among children from deprived backgrounds. The issue came to a head after the editor of a local Hindi daily published an article on the provision of eggs in the draft plan of the Atal Bal Arogya Mission. The article quoted a powerful Jain monk, Tarun Sagar, who said that the government providing eggs in anganwadis was akin to the end of the world ~ anarth ho jayega.”
The impact of the article was immediate. A decision to exclude eggs from the diet meant for malnourished kids was taken by a five-member state Cabinet subcommittee on the same day. Both the women and child development minister Mrs Ranjana Baghel and the Tribal welfare minister Mr Vijay Shah, who strongly advocated the inclusion of eggs as necessary to combat malnutrition, were overruled. Strong opposition to the proposal to provide children eggs in their diet came from education minister Mrs Archana Chitnis, panchayat and social welfare minister Mr Gopal Bhargava and water resources and environment minister Mr Jayant Malaiya and they carried the day with the chief minister’s support. Mrs Chitnis is RSS schooled, Mr Bhargava is known to be a staunch Brahmin and Mr Malaiya is a Jain. Hailing the decision and Mr Chauhan’s support for it as a “victory”, prominent members of the Jain community have been publicly congratulating the chief minister. Indeed, in the weeks following the decision, top politicians, administrators, and police officers have been seen paying obeisance to the Jain monk at public functions in Bhopal.
Eggs as a part of breakfast for severely malnourished children have been replaced by a mixture of jaggery, horse gram, and peanuts in the state’s “modified” draft. Mr Sachin Jain, state advisor to the Supreme Court-appointed Right-to-Food Commissioners, has spoken out against the imposition of his community’s food preferences on nutrition policy. According to Mr Jain, the government’s proposed alternative to eggs is difficult for malnourished children to digest because of their weak digestive systems. “Boiled eggs are soft, easily digestible, and a richer source of essential nutrients for children,” he told The Statesman.
The trickle-down effect, as it were, of the chief minister’s decision has left administrators stunned. In the district of Indore, for example, since March this year, women and child department officials led by the Collector Mr Raghavendra Singh have been motivating panchayats to provide milk and eggs in anganwadis for severely malnourished children. The results have been significant. Over a five-month period, of the 4,132 children suffering from severe and acute malnutrition (SAM), 3,077 have experienced weight gain, 1,452 improved to the moderate and mild malnutrition (MAM) category, and 310 recovered completely. Mr Singh said the Indore district programme was a decentralised one based on the demand from the ground. If
turn to page 4
Kids’ health goes for peanuts in MP:
(Continued from page 1)
a written order from Bhopal materialises, however, officials say they will be left with no option but to discontinue providing eggs in anganwadis.
This reporter found children in the anganwadis of Choral, Simrol, and Gwalu panchayats of Indore readily consuming eggs and milk ~ and there is widespread acceptance amongst Hindu, Muslim, and tribal communities of the benefits of eggs in combating malnutrition amongst their children. “We never ate eggs at home but considering how weak my daughter was we agreed to let her eat eggs at the anganwadi and her health really improved,” said Choral resident Mrs Lalita Yadav whose two-year-old daughter was severely malnourished but gained two-and-a-half kilograms over the past four months.
According to Dr Veena Shatrugna, former deputy director, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, the amino acids that make up proteins in milk and eggs most closely mirror those in humans and obtaining an equal amount of protein through pulses and cereals in one meal would mean having to provide many different sources. “I cannot think of a more complete food than eggs for malnourished children,” she said, expressing dismay at the decision of the Madhya Pradesh government.
Info system to track child care schemes
Info system to track child care schemes
BHUBANESWAR: The State Government has put in place crucial MIS (Management Information System) in the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS). The single-most relevance of this web-based system is, it will create a reliable database and knowledge base for child protection and further the work of documentation and research related to child care. It will also prevent child trafficking.
Speaking to TNIE, Women and Child Development Secretary Arati Ahuja revealed that ensuring child rights, protection and nutrition are the priority of the Government.
To achieve the policy imperatives, the government has implemented all salient aspects of ICPS in the State, she added.
“All the 30 districts now have Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) and Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) required under the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000. Around 20 districts have formed District Child Protection Units (DCPUs) and by the month-end, the rest will have it,” said Ahuja.
The importance of CWC is that unlike earlier years, now a development plan for children, distressed in particular, could be formulated by taking into account their basic needs at the district level.
The MIS system will be a boon for the CWC with its reliable database to ensure fool-proof tracking and monitoring of schemes meant for child care and protection.
To address the high malnutrition among children in Orissa, Ahuja said a plan had been drawn up for 15 districts having high incidence of malnutrition. Children up to three years in 27 districts suffer from some form of malnutrition or the other and the incidence is recorded ‘high’ and ‘very high’ in 19 districts.
But on the flip side, an important policy imperative with regard to child protection - SPJU (special police juvenile units) - is found missing from the department’s scheme of things.
As per Juvenile Justice Act, 2000, SPJUs are the coordinating bodies that provide the interface between police and children in districts and city level. But by not setting up SJPUs, Orissa is lagging behind Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, AP and even Bihar.
Speaking to TNIE, Women and Child Development Secretary Arati Ahuja revealed that ensuring child rights, protection and nutrition are the priority of the Government.
To achieve the policy imperatives, the government has implemented all salient aspects of ICPS in the State, she added.
“All the 30 districts now have Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) and Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) required under the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000. Around 20 districts have formed District Child Protection Units (DCPUs) and by the month-end, the rest will have it,” said Ahuja.
The importance of CWC is that unlike earlier years, now a development plan for children, distressed in particular, could be formulated by taking into account their basic needs at the district level.
The MIS system will be a boon for the CWC with its reliable database to ensure fool-proof tracking and monitoring of schemes meant for child care and protection.
To address the high malnutrition among children in Orissa, Ahuja said a plan had been drawn up for 15 districts having high incidence of malnutrition. Children up to three years in 27 districts suffer from some form of malnutrition or the other and the incidence is recorded ‘high’ and ‘very high’ in 19 districts.
But on the flip side, an important policy imperative with regard to child protection - SPJU (special police juvenile units) - is found missing from the department’s scheme of things.
As per Juvenile Justice Act, 2000, SPJUs are the coordinating bodies that provide the interface between police and children in districts and city level. But by not setting up SJPUs, Orissa is lagging behind Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, AP and even Bihar.
98 Melghat infants died of malnutrition in September
98 Melghat infants died of malnutrition in September
AMRAVATI: A lot of money is being spent to curb Melghat's malnutrition malaise, yet, children continue to die.
As per Zilla Parishad health department data, 289 children have died due to malnutrition from April-September this year, with September alone recording 98 deaths of children in various grades of malnutrition.
Of the 98 deaths, 79 were from Dharni and 19 from Chikhaldara. Figures point out that 54 children died due to severe acute malnutrition, 21 deaths were caused by moderate acute malnutrition and 23 died of normal grade of malnutrition in this predominantly tribal belt.
The number of malnourished children in Melghat is also startling. The ZP health administration has identified 5,222 chidren as suffering from severe malnutrition in Melghat alone and 11,009 others were categorised as suffering from moderate acute malnutrition.
This, despite the fact that there are 11 primary health centres (PHCs) in Melghat, various schemes like Child Development Centres, Day Care Centres, Matrutva Anudan scheme, Pada volunteers scheme focusing on the overall health of the tribals.
Rs 16 crore has been earmarked under the National Rural Health Mission. But, most of the money is spent on infrastructure.
The government's staggering figures on infant and maternal mortality have raised a question mark on effectiveness of the schemes' implementation.
As per Zilla Parishad health department data, 289 children have died due to malnutrition from April-September this year, with September alone recording 98 deaths of children in various grades of malnutrition.
Of the 98 deaths, 79 were from Dharni and 19 from Chikhaldara. Figures point out that 54 children died due to severe acute malnutrition, 21 deaths were caused by moderate acute malnutrition and 23 died of normal grade of malnutrition in this predominantly tribal belt.
The number of malnourished children in Melghat is also startling. The ZP health administration has identified 5,222 chidren as suffering from severe malnutrition in Melghat alone and 11,009 others were categorised as suffering from moderate acute malnutrition.
This, despite the fact that there are 11 primary health centres (PHCs) in Melghat, various schemes like Child Development Centres, Day Care Centres, Matrutva Anudan scheme, Pada volunteers scheme focusing on the overall health of the tribals.
Rs 16 crore has been earmarked under the National Rural Health Mission. But, most of the money is spent on infrastructure.
The government's staggering figures on infant and maternal mortality have raised a question mark on effectiveness of the schemes' implementation.
Call to focus on child malnutrition
Call to focus on child malnutrition
MYSORE: M.S. Swaminathan, renowned agricultural scientist and MP, has called for renewed focus on children in the age group of 0-2 under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme, to fight malnutrition in the country.
He was speaking at the diamond jubilee celebrations of Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), here on Sunday. Prof. Swaminathan said that though the country had launched the ICDS in the early 1970s to cater to the nutritional, health and educational aspect of children, it was an enigma that more than 45 per cent of the children continued to be under nourished and the country was ranked high on the Global Hunger Index.
Hence, he suggested that the CFTRI should look at the possibility of simulating a nation-wide programme, in which children in the age group of 0-2 years, who are otherwise bypassed under the ICDS, are covered.
Prof. Swaminathan said it was a challenge and an opportunity and the Planning Commission had been advised to have 1,000-day child development, in which the CFTRI can have an important role to play.
Food spoilage
He also noted the high rate of spoilage of food and vegetables in the country and urged the CFTRI to take initiatives to reduce the percentage and underlined the importance of decentralising food processing centres. Prof. Swaminathan also suggested that the CFTRI should start a trainers training programme on the lines of Shiksha Dairy, launched at Anand in Gujarat.
There was a need for a Shiksha Food Park to train the small food processing companies and make it a movement to help increase consumption of processed foods and reduce its cost, he added.
He said price volatility was one of the causes of hunger and hence the country could not depend on imports for food security. He said technology alone could not help fight hunger and called for linkages between policy makers and farmers with research institutions.
He was speaking at the diamond jubilee celebrations of Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), here on Sunday. Prof. Swaminathan said that though the country had launched the ICDS in the early 1970s to cater to the nutritional, health and educational aspect of children, it was an enigma that more than 45 per cent of the children continued to be under nourished and the country was ranked high on the Global Hunger Index.
Hence, he suggested that the CFTRI should look at the possibility of simulating a nation-wide programme, in which children in the age group of 0-2 years, who are otherwise bypassed under the ICDS, are covered.
Prof. Swaminathan said it was a challenge and an opportunity and the Planning Commission had been advised to have 1,000-day child development, in which the CFTRI can have an important role to play.
Food spoilage
He also noted the high rate of spoilage of food and vegetables in the country and urged the CFTRI to take initiatives to reduce the percentage and underlined the importance of decentralising food processing centres. Prof. Swaminathan also suggested that the CFTRI should start a trainers training programme on the lines of Shiksha Dairy, launched at Anand in Gujarat.
There was a need for a Shiksha Food Park to train the small food processing companies and make it a movement to help increase consumption of processed foods and reduce its cost, he added.
He said price volatility was one of the causes of hunger and hence the country could not depend on imports for food security. He said technology alone could not help fight hunger and called for linkages between policy makers and farmers with research institutions.
Concern over malnutrition
Concern over malnutrition
Thiruvananthapuram: The poor quality of nutrition during the ante-natal period and improper feeding practices followed for infants and young children have been leading to alarming rates of malnutrition among pre-school children. Even among the high income category, one-third of children in the under-five years group are malnourished, paediatricians have pointed out.
The inadequate dietary intake in pre-school children (under-five years children) or the gap between Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the actual intake is about 500 calories in pre-school children. This is not due to poverty but solely because of poor feeding practices, Head of the Department of Paediatrics, SAT Hospital, Lalita Kailas, said.
Malnutrition starts in the womb itself and about 14-16 per cent of babies have been found to be underweight within the first six months itself.
The growth period from six months to two years is very critical for the child's development, yet almost 50 per cent infants suffer from protein energy malnutrition (PEM) by the age of two years.
Unavailability of protein and nutrition components in the weaning foods, traditional feeding practices and poor awareness among mothers are some factors which lead to PEM in infants.
“Most of the traditional weaning foods are cereal-based and lacks in protein. There is also a general reluctance to give protein foods to infants because of some misconception that proteins are hard for the babies to digest. Another wrong practice that all mothers follow is restricting food intake when the infant falls sick,” Dr. Kailas said.
Growth during infancy depends on the birth weight of the child, nutrition adequacy and the absence of infections and other infestations. In Kerala, most of the families feed the children predominantly with adult food, with little or no attention to nutrition, she added
Early termination of exclusive breastfeeding and early complementary feeding of babies, often with foods which has low levels of nutrients is another problem contributing to malnutrition of infants. Though exclusive breastfeeding has been recommended for infants up to six months, the percentage of infants exclusively breastfed till the recommended period is only 46.4 per cent in the State.
Paediatricians recommend that the complementary foods fed to infants from the age of one year be enriched with ghee or oil and that fruits and vegetables should be necessarily included in the daily diet. From the age of two years, children should be given three main meals as well as two snacks during the day, which should be fruits, curd or biscuits.
Deficiency of iron and Vitamin A was another major problem commonly found in pre-school children.
Doctors recommended that the Integrated Child Development Scheme, the only government programme aimed at the nutrition of pre-schoolers, be revived and strengthened and that immediate steps be taken to address malnutrition in the 0 to 3 years group.
The inadequate dietary intake in pre-school children (under-five years children) or the gap between Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the actual intake is about 500 calories in pre-school children. This is not due to poverty but solely because of poor feeding practices, Head of the Department of Paediatrics, SAT Hospital, Lalita Kailas, said.
Malnutrition starts in the womb itself and about 14-16 per cent of babies have been found to be underweight within the first six months itself.
The growth period from six months to two years is very critical for the child's development, yet almost 50 per cent infants suffer from protein energy malnutrition (PEM) by the age of two years.
Unavailability of protein and nutrition components in the weaning foods, traditional feeding practices and poor awareness among mothers are some factors which lead to PEM in infants.
“Most of the traditional weaning foods are cereal-based and lacks in protein. There is also a general reluctance to give protein foods to infants because of some misconception that proteins are hard for the babies to digest. Another wrong practice that all mothers follow is restricting food intake when the infant falls sick,” Dr. Kailas said.
Growth during infancy depends on the birth weight of the child, nutrition adequacy and the absence of infections and other infestations. In Kerala, most of the families feed the children predominantly with adult food, with little or no attention to nutrition, she added
Early termination of exclusive breastfeeding and early complementary feeding of babies, often with foods which has low levels of nutrients is another problem contributing to malnutrition of infants. Though exclusive breastfeeding has been recommended for infants up to six months, the percentage of infants exclusively breastfed till the recommended period is only 46.4 per cent in the State.
Paediatricians recommend that the complementary foods fed to infants from the age of one year be enriched with ghee or oil and that fruits and vegetables should be necessarily included in the daily diet. From the age of two years, children should be given three main meals as well as two snacks during the day, which should be fruits, curd or biscuits.
Deficiency of iron and Vitamin A was another major problem commonly found in pre-school children.
Doctors recommended that the Integrated Child Development Scheme, the only government programme aimed at the nutrition of pre-schoolers, be revived and strengthened and that immediate steps be taken to address malnutrition in the 0 to 3 years group.
10 children get bikes for tackling malnutrition
10 children get bikes for tackling malnutrition
CHANDIGARH: Children of Janta Colony and Adarsh Nagar in Nayagaon have accomplished what many health professionals failed to do. On the occasion of Children's Day, 10 adolescents, who were successful in improving health of severely malnourished children, were presented with new bicycles.
Under an experiment by NGO Developing Indigenous Resources (DIR), a programme to train children in the 9 to 14 years age group was undertaken. The step was initiated in an effort towards tackling the problem of malnutrition among slum kids.
After four months, out of 181 children who were severely malnourished, 50 had made some improvement in their health while 11 others in the "worst" category had made it to "best" category.
"I was assigned the task of bringing about improvement in health of a 13-month-old and a five-year-old. I talked to their parents, giving them advice on diet, urging them to provide their children meals high on nutrients and low on cost like eggs and soya," 14-year-old activist Sunil Kumar said enthusiastically.
Another activist Manoj Pal added, "Apart from explaining to them what exactly nutritional needs of underweight children were, we asked them to keep a check on hygiene conditions."
W Fredric Shaw, CEO of DIR, said, "Such an accomplishment is a pioneering effort. These star performers devised their own methods of convincing families to change eating habits. The bicycles sure have been a motivating factor in participation and performance."
Mona Kumari, 13, one of those rewarded, said, "We performed street plays and puppet shows, propagating our message for healthy living. For four months, we made regular contribution to a cause. Now that our efforts have borne fruit, I am elated. I would sure love to work with DIR in future too."
Under an experiment by NGO Developing Indigenous Resources (DIR), a programme to train children in the 9 to 14 years age group was undertaken. The step was initiated in an effort towards tackling the problem of malnutrition among slum kids.
After four months, out of 181 children who were severely malnourished, 50 had made some improvement in their health while 11 others in the "worst" category had made it to "best" category.
"I was assigned the task of bringing about improvement in health of a 13-month-old and a five-year-old. I talked to their parents, giving them advice on diet, urging them to provide their children meals high on nutrients and low on cost like eggs and soya," 14-year-old activist Sunil Kumar said enthusiastically.
Another activist Manoj Pal added, "Apart from explaining to them what exactly nutritional needs of underweight children were, we asked them to keep a check on hygiene conditions."
W Fredric Shaw, CEO of DIR, said, "Such an accomplishment is a pioneering effort. These star performers devised their own methods of convincing families to change eating habits. The bicycles sure have been a motivating factor in participation and performance."
Mona Kumari, 13, one of those rewarded, said, "We performed street plays and puppet shows, propagating our message for healthy living. For four months, we made regular contribution to a cause. Now that our efforts have borne fruit, I am elated. I would sure love to work with DIR in future too."
Sunday, September 19, 2010
Child Malnutrition
Child Malnutrition
http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/02_ChildMalnutrition_D7341Insert_English.pdf
Please read the document given above.
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